Intercultural Communication Stumbling Blocks by LaRay Barna Article

Intercultural Communication Stumbling Blocks by LaRay Barna - Article Example On the other hand, I do not agree with Barna’s argument that high anxiety should act as a communication stumbling block since I believe that it promotes interaction in different people in order for people to overcome high anxiety, which makes them learn other languages. It is evident that Barna’s article expounds on a challenge that every individual has faced in their life. In this case, it is evident that we have all experienced intercultural communication barriers at one point of our life by interacting with people who were different from us in our daily activities. While supporting his arguments, Barna uses real-life experiences to highlight the challenges that intercultural communication posted on the interaction of people in a society that is increasingly becoming both multicultural and multiracial. In an approach that highlights different perceptions of people on other cultures, Barna starts by highlighting the problem of intercultural communication in the United States by carrying out a review of the perceptions of students from other cultures on the American cultural way of communicating. In this regard, Barna identifies reservations present in people from different backgrounds regarding the way they perceived a different culture’s approach to communication. Case in point, Americans smile all the time when communicating, even to total strangers while a foreigner plays along with the American and smiles while nodding, which to the American is indicative of effective communication although the foreigner confirms their stereotypes regarding Americans’ insensitivity and ethnocentrism (Barna 68). Misunderstandings and misconceptions during communication may have disastrous effects with people resulting to hate each other since they cannot understand the point the other was passing. In line with this, it is common knowledge that effective communication is an essential way that people understood others, which means that its ineffect iveness posed a challenge. In the course of my life, I have experienced challenges that are related to intercultural communication.

Health Essays Alzheimer Dementia Disease Essay

Health Essays Alzheimer Dementia Disease Essay Alzheimer Dementia Closing in on Alzheimer’s â€Å"Soon, Alzheimer’s disease will touch everyone in this country in some form or another, so the need to redouble our research efforts greater than ever before. We must have better treatments, earlier detection, and effective strategies to prevent Alzheimer’s. Scientists have made tremendous strides in the last two decades, but the clock is ticking.† -Samuel Gandy, MD, PhD, chair of the Alzheimer’s Association’s Medical and Scientific Advisory Council. There is no cure, but there is hope, for the world’s most leading cause of dementiaALZHEIMERS. â€Å"AD† is a neurodegenerative disorder, the underlying cause still being unknown. The clinical features or the underlying pathology can only be discovered on autopsy and thus the signs and indications of AD are instigated only after years of accretion of the credible causes. Some of the signs include:- Cognitive deterioration. Visual spatial confusion. Loss of recognition of persons and objects. Reduced mobility. Deterioration of muscles. Inability to feed oneself. Language disorientation. The onus of the illness lies in the deposition of fibrillized plaques containing amyloid beta(AB). The AB proposition shows potential for the reason that, as seen in patients with trisomy 21(downs syndrome), who have an additional copy of the gene for AB precursor, almost universally exhibit AD like indications prior to age 40. These signs of AD can be accredited to the cytotoxic potential of the mature aggregated amyloid fibrils. Consequently, a great amount of the research work on lead breakthrough is focused on:- Inhibition of fibrillization. Inhibition of AB precursor to AB. A different supposition understood to elicit the disease cascade, is centered on the effects of aggregated tau proteins. This speculation is sustained by the long standing observation that aggregation of AB plaques does not correlate with neuron loss. Although a great deal is known a propos the disease prognosis, causative or risk factors, the acquaintance we encompass of, in the present day, concerning the fundamental pathological origin or the core cause of the disease is zilch. Nevertheless, ApoE4, the foremost genetic risk factor for AD has been allied with surplus of AB build-up. The risk factors for AD are:- Advancing age. Head injury. Aluminum intake. ApoE4. Poor CVS health. Smoking. AD is most often established based on clinical signs and symptoms, and the history of patient’s infirmity, as a definitive diagnosis is only achievable by performing an autopsy. Common diagnostic tests include:- Memory testing. Intellectual functioning. Neuropsychological screening tests. Blood tests to rule out presence of other diseases. Functional neuro-imaging techniques like SPECT ad PET. Once diagnosed, on an average, survival is 7 – 10 years, the extremes being 4 years to 21 years. Essentials, statistics and incidence of Alzheimer’s:- 24 million people affected with AD worldwide. Slated to become 81 million by 2040. 1 out of 8 people above the age of 65 have AD. Only 19% with AD have the diagnosis recorded in their medical records. 7th leading cause of death in the United States. From 2000-2004, death rate due to AD has increased by 32.8%, while that of breast cancer, prostate cancer, stroke and heart disease has decreased by 2.6, 6.3, 10.4, 8% respectively. Costs of AD and other dementias amount to $148 billion annually. Current drugs in the global market for treatment of Alzheimer’s:- [1]ARICEPT: Key essentials about aricept: Was permitted for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimers by the FDA in 1996, and for the treatment of severe Alzheimers in 2006 Is the #1 prescribed Alzheimer’s drug—worldwide, more than 3.8 million people have been treated with Aricept. Aricept is a drug branded as a cholinesterase inhibitor. It is one of a group of prescriptions that appear to improve the cognitive ability (thinking, perception, judgment and recognition) in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Aricept can reduce behavioral troubles that may be exhibited by people with this type of dementia. Known as a cholinesterase inhibitor, Aricept delays the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. Acetylcholine helps communication between the nerve cells and is vital for memory. Side effects are typically mild and tend to disappear as treatment progresses. Common side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, insomnia, muscle cramps. Less common effects are headaches and dizziness. Rare side effects are anorexia, gastric or duodenal ulcers, gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, bladder overflow obstruction, liver damage, convulsions, heart problems and psychiatric disturbances. [2]EBIXA: Ebixa fine points: Ebixa is one of a group of drugs called NMDA (n-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonists. These receptors, along with the neurotransmitter glutamate, are implicated in transmitting nerve signals in the brain that may be imperative for learning and memory. Ebixa, which acts on NMDA receptors, facilitates to normalize transmission of nerve signals, and perhaps slow the decline of some indications of Alzheimers disease. Ebixa is not a cure for Alzheimers disease as it does not affect the fundamental degenerative progression of the disease. Ebixa may cause some unwelcome reactions. These may include fatigue, dizziness, sleepiness, headache, hypertension (high blood pressure), constipation, vomiting, anxiety, confusion, hallucinations and sleep disturbance. [3]EXELON: Exelon particulars: Exelon is one of a group of drugs known as cholinesterase inhibitors which is intended to treat symptoms in people with mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. Exelon works by reducing the breakdown of acetylcholine and thus escalating the amount of the chemical in the brain, a chemical thought to be vital for learning and memory. The prescription augments the action of acetylcholine by making the receptors it interacts with in the brain more responsive. Exelon is not a cure for Alzheimers disease as it does not affect the fundamental degenerative progression of the disease. Familiar side effects, in addition to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and weight loss, comprise of diarrhea, heartburn, stomach pains, dizziness, headache, weakness, fatigue and difficulty sleeping. A small number of people also experienced fainting. [3]REMINYL: Key specifics on reminyl: Reminyl ER is one of a group of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors which is used to treat symptoms in people with mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. As of June, 2006, Reminyl became available only in the extended release (ER) format. It means that if you were taking Reminyl tablets twice a day prior to June 2006, you would now take a Reminyl ER capsule once a day. It augments the action of acetylcholine by making the receptors it interacts with in the brain more responsive. In the area of the brain first affected by Alzheimers disease, that dealing with cognition and memory, too little acetylcholine is available at the junctions between nerve cells to get messages across to the next nerve cell, The condition is helped, consequently, not only by preserving the acetylcholine from being destroyed by cholinesterase, but by making the receptors more responsive to the inferior amounts of acetylcholine. Reminyl ER is not a cure for Alzheimers disease as it does not affect the fundamental degenerative progression of the disease. probable side effects include: abdominal pain, diarrhea, indigestion, decreased appetite, difficulty swallowing, bleeding in the digestive system, weight loss, low blood potassium, low blood pressure, dehydration, seizures, agitation, aggression, hallucinations, weakness, fever, malaise, leg cramps, tingling in the hands or feet, ringing in the ears, headache, dizziness, tiredness, sleeplessness, runny nose, urinary tract infection, fainting or fluttering of the heart. INTERNATIONAL MARKET STATISTICS FOR DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMERS:   BRAND GENERIC CLASS SPONSOR SALES in (million $) 2004 MARKET SHARE(approx) 2004 2005 Aricept donepezil CI Pfizer 1,266 1,580 58.10% Reminyl galantamine CI JJ 256 343 12.60% Exelon rivastigimine CI Novartis 320 340 12.50% Namenda memantine NMDAA Forest 5 247 9.10% Ebixa memantine NMDAA Lundbeck 28 86 3.20% Axura memantine NMDAA Merz 6 15 0.60% Cognex tacrine CI FirstHorizon 1 1 0.00% Others 87 107 3.90% TOTAL 1,969 2,719 100.00% Total Sales Figures = $2.7B (2005) with Aricept ®having 58% market share. DRUGS IN PIPELINE:- Name of the drug sponsor phase About the drug Data from previous phases. FLURIZAN Myriad 3 It is a selective amyloid lowering agent (SALA) that reduces levels of the toxic peptide amyloid beta 42 (AÃŽ ²42). Reduces the levels of the toxic amyloid beta 42 peptide through the allosteric modulation of gamma-secretase. FLURIZAN has completed Phase2 human clinical trial in 207 patients with Alzheimers disease. Phase 1 safety trial of FLURIZAN in healthy older volunteers identified no serious drug-related side effects. In nonclinical studies, FLURIZAN reduced the levels of the toxic peptide AÃŽ ²42 by approximately 70%, by modulating the action of gamma-secretase. Flurizan reduces amyloid pathology in the brain and prevents memory defects in transgenic mice. ALZHEMED Neurochem Inc. 3 Alzhemed is an oral small organic molecule that has been designed to interfere with the association between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and AÃŽ ² amyloid protein. It is thus thought to prevent GAGs from promoting ÃŽ ²-sheet and amyloid formation. Designed to prevent amyloid formation and deposition in the brain, and thus modify the course of AD. Alzhemed is expected to act on two levels: firstly to prevent and stop the formation and deposition of amyloid fibrils in the brain as well as to bind to soluble AÃŽ ², and secondly to to inhibit the inflammatory response associated with amyloid build-up in AD. Inhibit AÃŽ ² fibrillization and binds and reduces soluble AÃŽ ². VP025 Vasogen 1 Mediated via the regulation of microglial cell activation. Treatment with VP025 reversed age-related decreases in CD200 levels in the brain, reduced levels of microglial cell activation, and restored memory and learning function. Considerable amount of preclinical work has demonstrated: the ability of VP025 to reduce inflammation in models of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. the ability of VP025 to reverse detrimental neurological effects of chronic beta-amyloid exposure the ability of VP025 to reverse age-related inflammation in the brain AAB-001 Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Wyeth. 3 Designed to bind and remove the AÃŽ ² peptide that accumulates in the brain. Immunotherapy approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer disease is based on the ability of antibodies raised against AÃŽ ² peptides to bind to and clear AÃŽ ² from the brain, thus removing the peptide and inhibiting the damage to neurons that AÃŽ ² inflicts. Anti-AÃŽ ² antibodies have been shown to prevent the accumulation of AÃŽ ² peptides in the brains of transgenic mouse models of AD (Shenk et al., 1999; Bard et al., 2000; DeMattos et al., 2001). In one clinical trial, patients immunized with AÃŽ ² peptide who actively generated anti-AÃŽ ² antibodies showed a significantly slower rate of decline in cognitive functions (Hock et al., 2003). Long-term follow-up studies of the patients who were involved in the failed phase 2a clinical trial of AN-1792 has shown that NTB (quality of life) scores remained significantly improved in antibody responders. In addition, CSF tau was significantly decreased in antibody responders (Gilman et al., 2005). Closing In on Alzheimer’s:- Lastly, fresh drugs tender genuine hope for repealing the malady. Concluding test outcomes will be out, for a complete novel generation of drugs designed to assault the fundamental basis of Alzheimers disease—medicines that propose, what one specialist calls legitimate, substantial, irrefutable hope for those with mild to moderate forms of the illness. Within three years, its nearly assured, well have disease-modifying drugs that fundamentally amend the nature of Alzheimers. From drugs which facilitate alleviation of merely the symptoms of the disease, we are now moving towards an era which will comprise of drugs that not only slow down the disease, but encompass the potential to wholly reverse it. Scientists are certain that one of the more than four dozen drugs now in human trials will succeed. One of the most hopeful of those, Flurizan, from Myriad Genetics, should complete its tests in the next 18 months. Exceedingly few drugs make it to Phase III clinical trials, the final stride before a drug goes to the FDA for authorization. Today, conversely, nine new Alzheimers treatments are in Phase III trials to test their effectiveness on a large number of patients. And dozens more are in smaller Phase II trials. This subsequent generation of drugs is deliberated to avert, obliterate and clean out deposits of beta-amyloid plaque that exterminate the brains nerve cells, leading to the distressing loss of memory, reason and, eventually, life that typifies Alzheimers. This optimistic information comes as the world awaits an epidemic of Alzheimers, the traumatic variety of dementia that Americans tell pollsters they dread more than heart disease, stroke or diabetes. Today, 5.1 million people in the United States suffer from the disease, but the supreme risk factor is age—the longer a person lives, the greater the likelihood—and in just four years millions of boomers begin to turn 65. One in eight people age 65 and older now has Alzheimers; half of those 85 and older have it. Connoisseurs say still if Alzhemed or another of these premature anti-amyloid drugs fails, that doesnt mean the amyloid theory is incorrect. It merely may mean that the drug didnt eliminate sufficient plaque to appreciably slow or arrest the disease. Finally, with the advent of such promising drugs into the market in the near future, there is potential to mitigate the humanity of the exorbitant fiscal burden due to the disturbing tempo at which Alzheimer’s is making headway. Keeping our fingers crossed might just help. References: http://www.myriad.com/alzheimers/flurizan.php http://www.vasogen.com/sec/vp025 http://www.alzforum.org/ http://www.alz.org/national/documents/PR_FFfactsheet.pdf http://www.alz.org/national/documents/PR_FFquotesheet.pdf http://www.medicinenet.com http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com http://www.theracarb.com/documents/investor_%20presentation.pdf http: //www.wikipedia.com

Hydro cruiser :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Hydro Cruiser Do you ever find yourself looking down at your gas gauge on your way to school or work, noticing that little pointer is staggering off way below the empty mark? Well, today we are here for your rescue, presenting the Hydro Cruiser. We are doing are part to help the environment. Also it helps â€Å"you† the common man save money, and helps us in contributing to a smog free earth. The Hydro Cruiser is a stylish sport utility vehicle that runs off of H20 (water) instead of gasoline. Purchasing the Hydro Cruiser just shows how smart and efficient you are. If its selling to the high class business men or to the common everyday family, both classes will be driving safe and in style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you find yourself falling into the average Joe, penny pincher category, our product will be a far sure seller for you. By using water instead of gas you will be saving yourself hundreds of dollars every month. Knowing water instead of gas will save you money is obvious, because water is basically free. However buying the Hydro Cruiser, you will feel better and more productive by knowing you are doing your part in reaching our goal of a smog free earth. We feel our product is like a fat free option that tastes the same. This meaning are car can do anything and everything a gas powered car can do but, we can do it cheaper, safer, and extremely more conveniently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let yourself go the Hydro Cruiser will take you on an experience to any and all lengths. With a 250 horsepower engine, four wheel drive, climb the steepest hills. Then after having a rugged day with Mother Nature, sit back and relax in your waterproof interior. Turn up the CD player and enjoy your peaceful ride home, letting others know your saving money and doing your part in making a smog free tomorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you decide to invest in our car we can guarantee that you will not be disappointed. If you will invest in this car you will make lots of money. We know this, because we did a survey and we found that more than half the people would buy a car like this one. Not only will you make money you will have a good public image. Hydro cruiser :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Hydro Cruiser Do you ever find yourself looking down at your gas gauge on your way to school or work, noticing that little pointer is staggering off way below the empty mark? Well, today we are here for your rescue, presenting the Hydro Cruiser. We are doing are part to help the environment. Also it helps â€Å"you† the common man save money, and helps us in contributing to a smog free earth. The Hydro Cruiser is a stylish sport utility vehicle that runs off of H20 (water) instead of gasoline. Purchasing the Hydro Cruiser just shows how smart and efficient you are. If its selling to the high class business men or to the common everyday family, both classes will be driving safe and in style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you find yourself falling into the average Joe, penny pincher category, our product will be a far sure seller for you. By using water instead of gas you will be saving yourself hundreds of dollars every month. Knowing water instead of gas will save you money is obvious, because water is basically free. However buying the Hydro Cruiser, you will feel better and more productive by knowing you are doing your part in reaching our goal of a smog free earth. We feel our product is like a fat free option that tastes the same. This meaning are car can do anything and everything a gas powered car can do but, we can do it cheaper, safer, and extremely more conveniently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let yourself go the Hydro Cruiser will take you on an experience to any and all lengths. With a 250 horsepower engine, four wheel drive, climb the steepest hills. Then after having a rugged day with Mother Nature, sit back and relax in your waterproof interior. Turn up the CD player and enjoy your peaceful ride home, letting others know your saving money and doing your part in making a smog free tomorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you decide to invest in our car we can guarantee that you will not be disappointed. If you will invest in this car you will make lots of money. We know this, because we did a survey and we found that more than half the people would buy a car like this one. Not only will you make money you will have a good public image.

Socio Economic Profile of Househohold Consumers in Mizoram: India

The Socio economic Characteristics of Household Customers in Mizoram 2. 1 Introduction Consumer Behaviour, being the psychological dimension of marketing management, is based on various factors. Since all of us are consumers, what we buy, how we buy, where and when we buy, in how much quantity we buy depends on our perception, self concept, social and cultural background and our age and family cycle, our attitudes, beliefs, values, motivation, personality, social class and many other factors that are both internal and external to us (Mark ES and Armen T, 1985). This is very evident in India, the second most populous nation in the world and the number one contributor to the world’s population growth of potential customers (Population Reference Bureau, 2000). Traditionally, marketers have often relied on intuition and demographic information such as age, sex, income level and occupation for identifying potential areas (Dash PK and Sarangi M, 2008). According to Sproles and Kendall (1986, p. 67), identification of these characteristics among the consumers helps to profile (individual) consumer style, educate consumers about their specific decision-making characteristics, and counsel families on financial management. Again, many research studies show that consumer profiles are crucial as it deals with the mental orientation of consumers in making decisions (Wells, 1975; Lastovicka, 1982; Westbrook and Black, 1985; Sproles and Sproles, 1990; Stone, 1954; Darden and Moschis, 1976). The important effects of demographic, socioeconomic and regional factor have been demonstrated by various studies in consumers’ choice of foreign and domestic products, or rather ethnocentrism too (Sharma, 1995; Klien, 1998 and Elliot 2003). In the present chapter, it is intended to highlight who the Mizoram household consumers are on the basis of their demographic and socioeconomic profile. 2. 2 Profile of the household customers Taking household customers as sample units, the households are sampled from urban and rural areas. All the eight (8) functioning districts are taken into consideration for the study. For the research, all the district headquarters, namely, Aizawl, Champhai, Kolasib, Lawngtlai, Lunglei, Mamit, Saiha and Serchhip are taken as urban samples. The rural samples are taken from the following villages/towns – Saitual and Aibawk from Aizawl district, Khawbung and Khawzawl from Champhai district, Bilkhawthlir and Vairengte from Kolasib district, Chawngte and Diltlang from Lawngtlai district, Hnahthial and Zobawk from Lunglei district, Rawpuichhip and Kawrthah from Mamit district, Tuipang and Sangau from Saiha district and N. Vanlaiphai and Thenzawl from Serchhip District. 0 households are sampled from the district headquarters for the urban sample and 20 households from each of the villages/towns mentioned for the rural population sample, making it 40 rural households for every district. In all, 640 households i. e. 80 households from each districts, 40 from urban areas and 40 from rural areas are sampled to cover the whole State. The profiling of households is done , with suitable modifications and necessary adjustments in accordance to Splores and Kendall’s Consumer Styles Inventory model (Splores and Kendall, 1986). Following Leon GS and Leslie LK’s demographic segmentation, the sample is studied on the basis of the education level, main occupation, family size, composition of the households in terms of number of adults, children, male and female members, range of income, number of earning members in a household and lastly, the type of durable products owned by household customers. Analysis is done using F-Test and Pearson Correlation to find out the relationship between rural and urban population for each of the demographic variables. F-Test analysis tests to see whether two population variances equal each other. Essentially, the analysis compares the ratio of two variances. The assumption is that if the variance is equal, the ratio of the variances should be equal to 1. Variance may be defined as the square of standard deviation, standard deviation being the dispersion about the data set’s mean (Stephen L. Nelson, 2007). Standard deviation is calculated using the formula: ? = v? fd2x/N – [? fdx/N]2 and variance will be ? 2 (Mohan Singhal, 1999) Pearson Correlation is used to determine the relationship between the two set of data ‘x’ and ‘y’ viz. rban and rural population. The formula for finding out the correlation ‘r’ can be noted using the formula: rxy = N? fxy-? fx.? fy/v[N? fx2-(? fx)2][N? fy2-(? fy)2] The output will be between -1 to +1. Positive value signifies positive correlation i. e. both the data sets move in same direction while negative value signifies negative correlation i. e. the two data sets move in different direction (L okesh Koul, 2009). The purpose of using F Test is to determine the homogeneity of the two sets i. e. rural and urban household customers. Correlation Analysis is sed to find out the nature and degree of relationship between the rural and urban household customers for each of the socio economic variables. 2. 2. 1Education According to Harold H. Kassarjian (1971), education, like other personal qualities including sex, income, family cycle and so on, play an important role in influencing the buying behaviour. The respondents who represented their households were broadly classified into illiterates, literates, Below Class 10, Class 10, college drop-outs, graduates and post graduates on the basis of their education level and are represented in Exhibit 1. Exhibit 1: Educational profile of household respondents Table 1: Education level of rural and urban respondents Number of household customers Education LevelRuralUrban Illiterates5 (1. 56)4 (1. 25) Literates70 (21. 88)21 (6. 56) Below class 1071 (22. 19)41 (12. 81) Class 1080 (25. 00)61 (19. 06) College drop outs30 (9. 38)32 (10. 00) Graduates51 (15. 94)105 (32. 81) Post graduates13 (4. 06)56 (17. 50) Total320320 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages. Taking into account the responses of rural and urban respondents as shown in Table 1, the outcome F-test value tallied to 0. 840913. This shows a high degree of similarity in the variances of the two sets, indicating homogeneity in composition between the two sets of respondents. The Pearsonian Correlation gave an output of 0. 287853, a positive relationship between rural and urban. Even though there is a high degree of homogeneity between the two sets of samples, the relationship between the same set is not very strong when introducing Correlation Analysis. According to Census India 2001, Mizoram stood as one of the leaders in the field of literacy. With 88. 48% rate of literacy, Mizoram came in second next to Kerala. This rationale is reflected in the study as Table 1 indicated that only 1. 41% of the household respondents are illiterates. Even though there is not much difference between rural and urban respondents in respect of illiterates, the rural sample shows that majority of the rural households have passed class 10 i. e. 25% of the 320 rural households, while the majority of the urban households are graduates with 32. 81% of the 320 urban households. Although there is a rather significant gap in the level of education between rural and urban samples, it is interesting to note that rural households do have access to higher education. . 38% are college drop outs, 15. 94% are graduates and 4. 06% of the rural households hold post graduate degrees. That makes 29. 38% of the rural households have exposure to collegiate environment and thus, to urban lifestyle as all of the 22 colleges including Law Colleges are established in urban areas i. e. district headquarters (Statistical Handbook, 2008). 2. 2. 2 Occupation According to the Statistical Handbook (2008) published by the Government of Mizoram, agriculture and its allied sectors have a declining figures in terms of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for the past years from 2005-06 till 2007-08. Further decline is expected from the quick estimate made by the Department. One factor so stated in the Handbook being the mautam famine. This may also result in change of occupation from agriculture to other sectors to ensure livelihood. On the other hand, the State saw the incubation of private corporates in the form of insurance companies, banking companies and other private societies. Various private banking companies like Axis Bank, Syndicate, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank, IDBI, have started their branch offices in Mizoram bringing about employment opportunities for educated youths (see Table 7. , Statistical Handbook 2008). At the same time, private insurance companies mushroomed in Mizoram from the past five years. According to the Taxation Department , companies like Birla Sunlife, Tata-AIG, Bajaj-Alliance, Reliance etc. have started their ventures in Mizoram, again opening employment for the sons-of-the-soil. With the fast advent of mobile-tele com industry in Mizoram since mid-2003, companies like Airtel, Reliance, Aircel, Tata-Indicom, Vodafone began employing mizo youths as their operational staffs. Even then, the largest employing organization is the State Government. According to the 5th Economic Census 2005 , the State Government accounted for 85% of employment in the State with 40,603 posts under its umbrella. In fact, the up-gradation data as on 2006 showed 51,070 employees including muster-rolls and work-charges. Purchase involvement and consumer behaviour is greatly influenced by the occupation of the household consumers (Harold H. Kassarjian, 1971). Therefore, the study categorise the sample households as Agriculture, Carpentry and Skilled Workers, Daily Wage Earner, Government Employed, Private Company Employed and Business or Own Enterprise. Exhibit 2 shows the profile of occupations of the respondents. Exhibit 2: Occupation profile of household respondents Table 2: Occupation of rural and urban respondents Number of household customers OccupationRuralUrban Agriculture81 (25. 31)3 (0. 94) Carpentry and Skilled Workers31 (9. 69)9 (2. 81) Daily wage earner40 (12. 50)32 (10) Government Employed99 (30. 94)223 (69. 69) Private Company employed3 (0. 94)19 (5. 94) Business66 (20. 63)34 (10. 63) Total320320 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages Applying F-test, the relationship of rural and urban sample variances is calculated as 0. 79742, a low degree of homogeneity in terms of their variance ratio. Table 2 shows that rural households are more evenly distributed in terms of different occupations than their urban counterparts. But then, the correlation degree gave a rather high positive correlation of 0. 69526. This may be due to the fact that the highest frequencies of both rural and urban households are government emplo yed. Agriculture is still an important occupation for the rural households, claiming more than 1/4th of the whole rural households while agriculture is quite negligible for the urban population as an occupation. One indication that private companies are yet to penetrate the rural areas is the negligible employment by private companies in rural areas. Rural savings and insurance can yet still be tapped by private company players. Since 2005, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act/ Scheme began enhancing the purchasing power of the rural households. Moreover, this particular wage employment scheme encourages savings and personal insurance for the rural households . Rs. 39,500 crores will be pumped into the rural areas nation-wide in the year 2009-10 under this scheme. This can be an opportunity as the rural consumers constitute more than 75% of the Indian population and out of the 1. 61 lakhs household in Mizoram, rural areas account for almost half of the whole population of the State (The Marketing Whitebook, 2005). Own enterprise or business constitute a significant proportion of households in the rural sample, again an indication of good business opportunity for rural banking. The overall tabulation shows that 50% of the whole sample population are government employed, signifying a large business pool with secured incomes for marketers. . 2. 3 Family size As the primary consumer decision making unit, the family has been the subject of intense examination for a number of years (Lakshmi PV and Murugan MS, 2008). Family may be regarded as one of the strongest source of influence on consumer behaviour, its size being the significant determinant (Matin Khan, 2006). As the core unit of defining culture, family has a very prominent effect on attitude formation in various facets of marketing (Burke, 2002; Wood, 2002). It may be held true that the family size matters in household consumer behaviour. The larger the family, the larger its consumption needs and wants. Product preferences also depend a lot on the household size (Srivastava KK and Sujata K, 2008). Exhibit 3 gives the overview family size of the household respondents. Exhibit 3: Family size profile of the household respondents Table 3: Family size of the rural and urban respondents Number of household customers Number of family membersRuralUrban Upto 211 (3. 44)22 (6. 88) 3 – 5152 (47. 50)154 (48. 13) 6 – 8133 (41. 56)138 (43. 13) 9 and above24 (7. 50)6 (1. 88) Total320320 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages Exhibit 3 shows that about 47% of households are bigger families with 6 or more members and Table 3 indicated that the number of families with membership of 9 and above is four times more in rural areas than in urban areas. According to the 2001 Census, the average size of scheduled tribe households in the rural areas was 5. 2 members while in urban areas it was 4. 9 members. It should be noted that the two family sizes viz. 3 to 5 members and 6 to 8 members together accounted for 89. 06% of the rural respondents and 91. 26% of their urban counterparts. Taking the family sizes 3 to 5 and 6 to 8, the median size lies between 5 and 6 member-households. This indicates the similarity of the households studied with that of the Census 2001 figures . The F-Test shows a very high degree of 0. 932141, indicating high homogeneity between the rural and urban respondents. Further application of Correlation Analysis gave the value of 0. 987285, demonstrating a very high level of relationship between the rural and urban customer households. Hence, both the tests show that there is not much difference between the rural and urban households in respect to family size. India, for several decades, have been involved in defining family size, in fact, one of the earliest nation to be concerned with the issue . Decadal studies show that there has been a marginal decrease in family size from 5. 5 in 1980s to 5. 3 in 2001 even though there is a very significant increase in population during 1980 and 2001 from 493,757 to 888,573 . This is an indication of growing nuclearization of families in the Indian society as stated in Census India Report and an indication of mass education and media awareness of the general population demonstrated in the decrease of family size, an after-effect of family planning. . 2. 4 Age Product needs and interests vary with the age of the customers (Srivastava KK and Sujata K, 2008). Obviously then, different age groups present different marketing challenges and opportunities. Marketers thus have found age to be a particularly useful demographic variable for distinguishing segments (Elliot et al, 2003). Table 4 shows the number of adults in both rural and urban households. Table 4: Number of adults Number of household customers Number of adultsRuralUrbanTotal Upto 2102 (31. 88)104 (32. 50)206 (32. 19) 3 – 5146 (45. 63)171 (53. 44)317 (49. 53) 6 – 871 (22. 19)41 (12. 81)112 (17. 50) 9 and above1 0. 31)4 (1. 25)5 0. 78) Total320320640 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages The output value of F Test gave a significantly high 0. 768617 showing the similarity between the rural and urban household customers in respect of the adult population. A correlation degree of positive . 959861 also indicates that there is a very high positive relationship between the two samples. Almost 50% of the households have 3 to 5 adult members. About 22% of the households in rural Mizoram have the adult population of 6 to 8 members, whereas only 13% of the households in urban Mizoram have the same number of adult population. It is already demonstrated in Table 3 that the median household size of the samples is between 5 to 6 members. Therefore, it can be stated that the majority of households are adult-dominated. As for the children population, the rural and urban households are studied of its child members, categorizing them in 2 subsets, below 14 years of age and between 14 to 18 years of age. Table 5: Number of children below 14 years Number of household customers Number of children below 14 yearsRuralUrbanTotal Upto 2112 (35)94 (29. 38)206 (32. 19) 3 – 566 (20. 63)78 (24. 38)144 (22. ) 6 – 820 (6. 25)16 (5)36 (5. 63) 9 and above01 (0. 31)1 (0. 16) Total198189387 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages Of the 320 rural households, 198 households have family members below 14 years and out of 320 urban households, 189 households have family members between 14 to 18 years of age. Table 6: Number of children between 14 to 18 years Number of household consumers Number of children between 14 to 18 yearsRuralUrbanTotal Less than 255 (10. 94)76 (23. 75)131 (20. 47) 3 – 559 (18. 44)42 (13. 13)101 (15. 78) 6 – 88 (2. 5)12 (3. 75)20 (3. 13) More than 90 (0. 31)1 (0. 16) Total122131253 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages Out of the 320 rural households, 122 households have family members between 14 to 18 years of age. Out of the 320 urban households, 131 households have family members between 14 to 18 years of age. The distinction of the children population into the 2 subsets is to segment the consumption needs and wants (Srivastava KK and Sujata K, 2008) Analysis of the rural and urban respondents with children below 14 years gave F-test value of 0. 884167 and a correlation coefficient of . 970224. These results showed the close relationship between the two samples. Again, rural households and urban households with children between 14 to 18 years gave an F-test output of 0. 888851 and a correlation coefficient of . 886998, showing a positive relationship between the samples. This again shows that there is not much difference between the rural and urban household customers. A significant finding from the two subset tables is that most of the households in both rural and urban areas have the highest frequency in the least number of children in its family members i. . not more than 2 in the household, followed by 3 to 5 children in a household. While most of the households have 3 to 5 adults, most of the households have less than 2 members classified as children. This clearly demonstrated that most of the households are in the family stages known as Full Nest II and III . 2. 2. 5 Income Income is, perhaps the single factor which significantly define the consumer behaviour of house holds. In fact, much of the other demographic characteristics like education, family size, and culture depend largely on the income of the households. Even the economic environment depends on the household’s income and as Philip Kotler (2006) stated, â€Å"In the economic arena, marketers need to focus on income distribution†. Income is one of the important determinants which have a strong positive influence on the ownership of durables (Bijaya KP and Siba PP, 2008) and even preference pattern of consumable products largely depend upon the income distribution of the households (Prashanta KD and Minaketan S, 2008). Several studies show that income, as a demographic factor, has a significant effect on purchasing styles even on the internet (Marakas GM, Yi MY and Johnson RD, 2002; Ratchford et al, 2001; Wood, 2002). The income range of the household respondents is illustrated in Exhibit 4. Exhibit 4: Income profile of household respondents Table 7: Income range of the rural and urban respondents Number of household customers Income RangeRuralUrban 2000019 (5. 94)87 (27. 19) Total320320 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages Taking the values given in Table 7, F-Test Analysis for the rural and urban households gave an output 0. 5093 while the Correlation Analysis gave a low positive relation degree of 0. 06. This shows that the income range distribution between rural and urban are rather loosely related, compared to other socio-economic factors already studied. In the rural sample, households with monthly income of Rs. 10,001 to 15,000 has the largest percentage, while the urban sample showe d that households with more than 20,000 has the highest percentage. This may be due to the fact that the main occupation of the urban households is government jobs. Even though the largest percentage of the rural households is government employed, a very significant portion of the rural households are engaging in agriculture (see Table 2). Another factor may be the fact that higher paying government jobs are mostly within the urban areas. According to Lalit Kumar Jha (1997), the overall average household income of Mizoram State is Rs. 10,026 per month. This income range is reflected in the total household samples with 21. 09% as the highest percentage, showing the whole household sample is the sub-set of the State population. 2. 2. 6 Earning Members The phenomenon of ‘double income’ has been identified as a sociologically relevant variable which may affect lifestyles of households (Srivastava KK and Sujata K, 2008). Michman R (1980) identified the multiplicity of income sources of households as an important market sub-segmentation as the purchasing capacity and involvement is much more dynamic. Recently, new segment has been identified and targeted as DINK or Double Income No Kids. An interesting survey by the Associated Chamber of Commerce & Industry of India (2008) on â€Å"Changing Consumption Patterns of Delhi† shows that DINKs are high spenders . The survey states that households DINKS spend more of their resources on luxurious lifestyles while their counterparts, double income-with kids’ households spend most of their incomes on child education, healthcare, insurance and home making, making the study of income source pattern a crucial issue for marketers. The number of earning members per households is presented in Exhibit 5 Exhibit 5: Earning members profile of household respondents Table 8: Number of earning members in rural and urban households Number of household consumers No. of Earning Member(s)RuralUrban 1248 (77. 5)141 (44. 06) 263 (19. 69)137 (42. 81) 39 2. 81)42 (13. 13) Total320320 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages Table 9 depicts a rather unrelated distribution of number of households for rural and urban areas. Even though F-test Analysis gave a rather low homogeneity between rural and urban households with a degree of 0. 33318, Correlation Analysis gave a significant positive relationship of 0. 700723. This shows that even though there is a rather large disparity between the means of rural and urban households, their relationship cannot be ignored. The study shows that most of the rural households have only one earning member in its households, claiming 77. 0% of the whole sample while the urban households have a very prominent proportion of two earning member households claiming 42. 81% of the urban sample, a close second to households with only one earning member. The number of earning members of rural and urban households can be co-related with the income ranges of rural and urban households. Table 7 showed that the average income range of urban households is relatively higher than rural households and Table 8 indicated that households with two earning members are quite higher in urban samples. . 2. 7 Durable products owned ORG-Gfk Year-End Reviews (2004) states that the Indian consumer durable industry is estimated at around Rs. 200 billion and growing. The healthy gr owth of durables market can be an offset of various factors like fragmentation of households into double-income nuclear families to the presence of easier finance options; expansion of dealer networks and after-sales services (Marketer Whitebook, 2005). In fact, durable products account for 6. 6% of yearly purchases of Indian households (Arvind Singhal, 2001). According to the information given in The Marketer Whitebook (2005) 42% of all households owned radios, 20. 4% owned television, 14. 1% owned telephone, 3. 1% owned bicycle, 6. 2% owned motorized 2-wheelers, 3. 4% owned cars and 50. 9% owned unspecified durables in Mizoram. The profile of durable products owned by the households determine various dimensions of consumer behaviour, namely, purchase preference, product penetration, support purchase for already owned durables, marketing opportunities and so on. Exhibit 6 gives an overview to the ownership of durable products by the household respondents. Exhibit 6: Durable products profile of the household respondents Number of households Table 10: Durable products owned by rural and respondents Number of household customers RuralUrban Radio205 (64. 06)182 (56. 87) LPG209 (65. 31)315 (98. 43) Music system107 (33. 43)179 (55. 93) Television218 (68. 13)308 (96. 25) Fridge189 (59. 06)306 (95. 63) Oven15 (4. 68)65 (20. 31) Washing machine125 (39. 06)210 (65. 62) Telephone135 (42. 18)289 (90. 31) Mobile233 (72. 81)300 (93. 75) Computer48 (15)187 (58. 43) Scooter42 (13. 12)18 (5. 62) Bike31 (9. 68)112 (35) Car19 (5. 93)119 (37. 18) Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages From Table 9, the most owned durables by rural and urban household respondents can be ranked and represented in Table 10. Table 10: Ranking of most owned durable products Ranks 12345 RuralMobileTelevisionLPGRadioFridge UrbanLPGTelevisionFridgeMobileTelephone OverallLPGMobileTelevisionFridgeTelephone Durable products are independent to factors like access to electricity, availability of LPG suppliers and petrol pumps. According to the Statistical Handbook (2008), there are 24 LPG authorised dealers, each district having at least one dealer. There are 18 petrol pumps all over the State and every district except Mamit district has at least one recognised petrol pump. As for electrification, 570 villages have already been electrified, accounting for around 70% of the State accessing to electricity, 44. 1% of the rural households and 94. 4% of the urban households reported as electrified. According to the Taxation Department Report, mobile phone came in use only from 2003 that too started only with BSNL giving out 500 subscriptions. Till October 2008, there is a total of 2,85,287 subscribers with BSNL, Airtel, Reliance and Aircel. This information does not take into consideration the entry of Tata-Indicom and Vodaphone service providers. Out of the 320 respondents from rural households, 233 households (i. e. 72. 81%) own mobile phones. Various factors can come into play here, the competitive and aggressive participation of mobile service providers in the rapid and widespread penetration of both rural and urban areas being one of the major factors, competing and overtaking at some places in the once monopoly of the state-owned BSNL. About 29 recognised cable TV operators operating in urban and semi-urban areas gave monthly subscription to consumers since 1991 . Apart from these operators, private dish antennas are made available by Zee Group (Dish Tv) at affordable prices below Rs. 2,000 . This may be one of the main reasons that television is very popular in both the rural and urban areas, claiming 68. 13% of rural households and 96. 25% of urban households owned television set. It is interesting to see that even some unelectrified villages have solar powered television with dish antennas besides the thatched huts . LPG is considered household necessity for the urban households with 98. 43% of urban samples having access to LPG. Yet, it came as the third most owned durable product in the rural areas. A prominent factor may be the easy accessibility to the LPG dealers. Aizawl has 11 LPG agents within its district, Lunglei with 4 agencies, Kolasib with 3 agencies, Champhai with 2 agencies and Lawngtlai, Mamit, Serchhip and Saiha with 1 agency each. Other factors may be the price of LPG cylinders and uncertainty of supply even at the agencies. Even though radio continues to be the most extensive network covering the entire State , its popularity is confined mostly to the rural areas, accounting for 64. 06% of rural households and 56. 7% of urban households of the sample. Advance of other electronic media, like cable television network and Doordarshan, maybe one of the main reasons. Fridge ownership accounted for 59. 06% of rural households and 95. 63% of urban households. As large number of rural households are agrarian based, they can be assumed to have easy access to fresh vegetables as compared to the urban households. The main utility of fridge being storing of food, thus is more popular in the urban areas. As for telephone, 90. 31% of the urban households have telephone connection while 42. 18% of rural households accounted for telephone connection.

Profit Maximization Model

SAMPLE ANSWER FOR QUESTION 5 Profit-making is one of the most traditional, basic and major objectives of a firm. Profit-motive is the driving-force behind all business activities of a company. It is the primary measure of success or failure of a firm in the market. Profit earning capacity indicates the position, performance and status of a firm in the market. In spite of several changes and development of several alternative objectives, profit maximization has remained as one of the single most important objectives of the firm even today.Both small and large firms consistently make an attempt to maximize their profit by adopting novel techniques in business. Specific efforts have been made to maximize output and minimize production and other operating costs. Cost reduction, cost cutting and cost minimization has become the slogan of a modern firm. It is a very simple and unambiguous model. It is the single most ideal model that can explain the normal behavior of a firm. Main proposit ions of the profit-maximization model The model is based on the assumption that each firm seeks to maximize its profit given certain technical and market constraints.The following are the main propositions of the model. 1. A firm is a producing unit and as such it converts various inputs into outputs of higher value under a given technique of production. 2. The basic objective of each firm is to earn maximum profit. 3. A firm operates under a given market condition. 4. A firm will select that alternative course of action which helps to maximize consistent profits 5. A firm makes an attempt to change its prices, input and output quantity to maximize its profit. The model Profit-maximization implies earning highest possible amount of profits during a given period of time.A firm has to generate largest amount of profits by building optimum productive capacity both in the short run and long run depending upon various internal and external factors and forces. There should be proper balan ce between short run and long run objectives. In the short run a firm is able to make only slight or minor adjustments in the production process as well as in business conditions. The plant capacity in the short run is fixed and as such, it can increase its production and sales by intensive utilization of existing plants and machineries, having over time work for the existing staff etc.Thus, in the short run, a firm has its own technical and managerial constraints. But in the long run, as there is plenty of time at the disposal of a firm, it can expand and add to the existing capacities build up new plants; employ additional workers etc to meet the rising demand in the market. Thus, in the long run, a firm will have adequate time and ample opportunity to make all kinds of adjustments and readjustments in production process and in its marketing strategies. It is to be noted with great care that a firm has to maximize its profits after taking in to consideration of various factors in to account.They are as follows – 1. Pricing and business strategies of rival firms and its impact on the working of the given firm. 2. Aggressive sales promotion policies adopted by rival firms in the market. 3. Without inducing the workers to demand higher wages and salaries leading to rise in operation costs. 4. Without resorting to monopolistic and exploitative practices inviting government controls and takeovers. 5. Maintaining the quality of the product and services to the customers. 6. Taking various kinds of risks and uncertainties in the changing business environment. . Adopting a stable business policy. 8. Avoiding any sort of clash between short run and long run profits in the business policy and maintaining proper balance between them. 9. Maintaining its reputation, name, fame and image in the market. 10. Profit maximization is necessary in both perfect and imperfect markets. In a perfect market, a firm is a price-taker and under imperfect market it becomes a price -searcher. Assumptions of the model The profit maximization model is based on tree important assumptions. They are as follows – 1.Profit maximization is the main goal of the firm. 2. Rational behavior on the part of the firm to achieve its goal of profit maximization. 3. The firm is managed by owner-entrepreneur. Determination of profit – maximizing price and output Profit maximization of a firm can be explained in two different ways.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total Revenue and Total Cost approach.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost approach. Profits of a firm are estimated by making comparison between total revenue and total costs. Profit is the difference between TR and TC.In other words, excess of revenue over costs is the profits. Profit = TR – TC. If TR is equal to TC in that case, there will be break even point. If TR is less than TC, in that case, a firm will be incurring losses. In this case, we take in to account of total cost and total revenue of the firm while measuring profits. It is clear from  the following diagram how profit arises when TR is greater than that of TC. 2. MR and MC approach In this case, we take in to account of revenue earned from one unit and cost incurred to produce only one unit of output.A firm will be maximizing its profits when MR= MC and MC curve cuts MR curve from below. If MC curve cuts MR curve from above either under perfect market or under imperfect market, no doubt MR equals MC but total output will not be maximized and hence total profits also will not be maximized. Hence, two conditions are necessary for profit maximization- 1. MR = MC. 2. MC curve cut MR curve from below. It is clear from the following diagrams. Justification for profit maximization 1. Basic objective of traditional economic theory.The traditional economic theory assumes that a firm is owned and managed by the entrepreneur himself and as such he always aims at maximum return on his capit al invested in the business. Hence profit-maximization becomes the natural principle of a firm. 2. A firm is not a charitable institution. A firm is a business unit. It is organized on commercial principles. A firm is not a charitable institution. Hence, it has to earn reasonable amount of profits. 3. To predict most realistic price-output behavior. This model helps to predict usual and general behavior of business firms in the real world as it provides a practical guidance.It also helps in predicting the reasonable behavior of a firm with more accuracy. Thus, it is a very simple, plain, realistic, pragmatic and most useful hypothesis in forecasting price output behavior of a firm. 4. Necessary for survival. It is to be noted that the very existence and survival of a firm depends on its capacity to earn maximum profits. It is a time-honored hypothesis and there is common agreement among businessmen to make highest possible profits both in the short run and long run. 5. To achieve ot her objectives.In recent years several other objectives have become much more popular and all these objectives have become highly relevant in the context of modern business set up. But it is to be remembered that they can be achieved only when a firm is making maximum profits. Criticisms 1. Ambiguous term. The term profit maximization is ambiguous in nature. There is no clear cut explanation whether a firm has to maximize its net profit, total profit or the rate of profit in a business unit. Again maximum amount of profit cannot be precisely defined in quantitative terms. . It may not always be possible. Profit maximization, no doubt is the basic objective of a firm. But in the context of highly competitive business environment, always it may not be possible for a firm to achieve this objective. Other objectives like sales maximization, market share expansion, market leadership building its own image, name, fame and reputation, spending more time with members of the family, enjoying leisure, developing better and cordial relationship with employees and customers etc. lso has assumed greater significance in recent years. 3. Separation of ownership and management. In many cases, to-day we come across the business units are organized on partnership or joint stock company or cooperative basis. In case of many large organizations, ownership and management is clearly separated and they are run and managed by salaried managers who have their own self interests and as such always profit maximization may not become possible. 4. Difficulty in getting relevant information and data.In spite of revolution in the field of information technology, always it may not be possible to get adequate and relevant information to take right decisions in a highly fluctuating business scenario. Hence, profits may not be maximized. 5. Conflict in inter-departmental goals. A firm has several departments and sections headed by experts in their own fields. Each one of them will have its own independent goals and many a times there is possibility of clashes between the interests of different departments and as such always profits may not be maximized. 6. Changes in business environment.In the context of highly competitive and changing business environment and changes in consumer’s tastes and requirements, a firm may not be able to cope up with the expectations and adjust its policies and as such profits may not be maximized. 7. Growth of oligopolistic firms. In the context of globalization, growth of oligopoly firms has become so common through mergers, amalgamations and takeovers. Leading firms dominate the market and the small firms have to follow the policies of the leading firms. Hence, in many cases, there are limited chances for making maximum profits. 8.Significance of other managerial gains. Salaried managers have limited freedom in decision making process. Some of them are unable to forecast the right type of changes and meet the market challenges. They are more worried about their salaries, promotions, perquisites, security of jobs, and other types of benefits. They may lack strong motivations to make higher profits as profits would go to the organization. They may be contented with only satisfactory level of profits rather than maximum profits. 9. Emphasis on non-profit goals. Many organizations give more stress on non-profit goals.From the point of view of today’s business environment, productivity, efficiency, better management, customer satisfaction, durability of products, higher quality of products and services etc. have gained importance to cope with business competition. Hence, emphasis has been shifted from profit maximization to other practical aspects. 10. Aversion to reduction in power. In case of several small business units, the owners do not want to share their powers with many new partners and hence, they try to keep maximum powers in their hands.In such cases, keeping more power becomes more important than profit maximization. 11. Official restrictions over profits of public utilities. Public utilities or public corporations are legally prohibited to make huge profits in many developing countries like India. Thus, it is clear that a firm cannot maximize its profits always. There are many constraints in the background of multiple objectives. Each one of the objectives has its own merits and demerits and a firm has to strike a balance between all kinds of objectives.