U.s. Military Field Manual - 1426 Words

The intent of this policy memorandum is to propose that policy on counterterrorism in the United States of America be manufactured. Defining counterterrorism in a Western democratic sense is extremely difficult. This is due the uniqueness of each terrorism case. According to Jason Rineheart, what makes this defining process so difficult is that these democracies must take into consideration certain civil liberties and the rule of law. As stated by the U.S. Army Field Manual, counterterrorism can be defined as offensive actions taken in efforts to â€Å"prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism.† What is most important when defining counterterrorism is the focus on its offensive nature. It is also necessary to focus on the nature†¦show more content†¦Despite its illegality and inefficiency, racial profiling is used to execute the processes of counterterrorism. Therefore for the purposes of this memo, counterterrorism will be defined as the execution of o ffensive actions in order to prevent, deter, preempt and/or respond to terrorism by way of racial identification of targets. Racial profiling as method of counterterrorism is a major problem in the United States. Due to the damaging effects of 9/11 on the moral of the country and the present threats from ISIS, the Muslim-American society as a whole is being depicted in a way that classifies them as extremist terrorists. This fear of the Muslim society has become so dominant that the term â€Å"Islamophobia† has been adopted to communicate â€Å"fear, hatred and hostility towards Islam and Muslims.† As seen in a 2011 report on the West’s respect for Muslims, 52% percent of the American citizens who answered this poll voted that Western societies do not respect Muslim societies. (See figure 1.) The analysts of Gallup attribute this disrespect and fear of Muslim societies to differences in religion and political interests. (See figure 2.) America needs to re evaluate its counterterrorism strategy in order to account for and respect the human rights of its targets. If not, an entire society of people, Muslim-Americans, will be targeted as terrorists. The targeting of an entire group of people based on

Park Avenue Money, Power, And The American Dream

The documentary film â€Å"Park Avenue: Money, Power, and the American Dream† directed by Alex Gibney is about the wealth gap between the rich and the poor in the United States. The documentary compares the access to opportunities of residents of Park Avenue both on the Upper East Side and in the South Bronx. The documentary includes interviews with a series of people: a doorman at 740 Park Avenue, journalist Jane Mayer, Yale University Professor Jacob Hacker, Berkeley Professor Paul Piff, and Republican advisor Bruce Bartlett. The documentary makes a compelling case that inequality exposes democracy and that the victims of inequality include not only those who find themselves in the rapidly expanding underclass, but the American dream itself. Park Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan is the wealthiest neighborhood in the New York City. Across the river, Park Avenue runs through the South Bronx, home to the poorest congressional district in the United States. Gibney stat es that while income disparity has always existed in the U.S., it has accelerated sharply over the years. Seven thousand people live in the South Bronx and 40% of the population live in poverty. Most of them lost their jobs during the recession that was caused by bankers on the other side of the river. David Koch is the richest person who lives in the Park Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Koch donates money to politicians, and Paul Ryan received more money from Koch brothers than any otherShow MoreRelatedPark Avenue : Money, Power And The American Dream819 Words   |  4 PagesPark Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream In my opinion being bias has both good and bad characteristics. I believe the negative part of being bias is that you only think one sided and not open minded. You can t be biased in some situations where you have to see both sides of view. A positive aspect is that you are consistent and not indecisive. If you have a passion or believe in something, then you will stay consistent with your decision. In the video Park Avenue: MoneyRead MoreThe Movie Park Avenue : Money, Power And The American Dream858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth behind a Dream It is easy for a person to put away a dream as a mere fantasy that cannot be achieved in life. For this reason, people never take the opportunity to evaluate the true facts behind that dream. In the documentary â€Å"Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream† by Director Alex Gibney, an analysis of the true facts behind the ‘American dream’ is presented (Lee). Similarly, the poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen speaks about the true facts of a war that people foolishlyRead MoreThe American Dream Must Have Been A Dream After All Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesPark Avenue, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in all of New York City, home to the ultra rich, the top tier of the American upper class, the 1% (Park Avenue). Those who reside in Park Avenue not only have vast amounts of wealth, but an immense amount of influence that has turned the tables in their favor. But, if you go a couple of miles No rth of Park Avenue and cross the Harlem river, you arrive at the other side of Park Avenue or otherwise known as theRead MoreThe Nightmare Of The American Dream1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nightmare of the American Dream. Introduction The future of work is a topic that many people don’t take the time to actually analyze and question as to what it will be like when the future actually comes. The films Wage Crisis by Michael Maher; Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream: Why Poverty? by Alex Gibney; and The Secret of Oz by Ben Still, are some of the films that highlight the future of work and the how the wages and the economy are really affecting those who are looking forRead MoreWage Crisis By Michael Maher : Money, Power And The American Dream : Why Poverty?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesit will be like when the future actually comes. The films Wage Crisis by Michael Maher; Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream: Why Poverty? by Alex Gibney; and The Secret of Oz by Ben Still, are some of the films that highlight the future or work and the how the wages and economy are really affecting those who are looking for work and trying to work towards a common goal – achieving the American Drea m. 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The so called â€Å"American Dream† is slowly losing its meaning when in come inequality comes into play because there is no fair game as to how we gain money. Bold plans such as raising the taxes will allow for an increase in revenue and help with employment issues. Furthermore, with the rise in inequality, we are at the tipping point andRead MoreStructural Racism And Racial Equity Analysis Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pagesa better life here in the states, â€Å"The American Dream†. However, is the â€Å"American Dream† really a dream or a nightmare for these immigrants. The whole thought of the American Dream is that everyone has an equal opportunity in America, but this is truly not the case. In the movie, Park Avenue: Money, Power the American Dream, they compare America, but mainly focusing on New York City, to the game of monopoly. The narrator states, â€Å"True to the American Dream, everyone has an equal opportunity, startingRead MoreAbortion Pros And Cons Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pagesremembering they can’t take this ba ck. First, In the film Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream it stated â€Å"Steve Schwartzman has twenty-five fully decorated Christmas trees in his apartment for an annual Christmas party, to have a tree in each room of this apartment† (Alex Gibney). Meaning he spent all of that money just to have a fully decorated house for Christmas, when he could have spent that money on something meaningful such as giving money to charity. Also, proving that many rich people doRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesMovement â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† This was a speech by Martin Luther King Jr. Even one hundred years after slavery was banned, African Americans were still being treated unfairly. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most famous leaders of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960’s. The Civil Rights movement was a movement of African Americans who felt that they

Royal Wedding Media Coverage Free Essays

Example of a great media coverage The Royal wedding in 2011 Many PR specialists define the Royal Wedding of Kate Middleton and prince William as the PR event of the year. It is a proof that a well- managed event can resonate for months or even years. It has set the beginning of the reputation building of this new family. We will write a custom essay sample on Royal Wedding Media Coverage or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Pagefield’s founder and senior partner Mark Gallagher argues, the event not only promoted the young couple, but also gave the monarchy, London and the UK a boost. Before the event, there was an estimated number of 8500 journalists expected to arrive in London from abroad. More than 36 broadcasters, such as BBC, Sky News, ABC, NBC, CBS, Al-Jazeera etc. ; were housed in a special structure, built close to the Westminster Abbey, where the wedding took place. Apart from nearly 2000 guests, 40 broadcast cameras, 12 photographers and 28 reporters from national, international and regional media were expected. More than 100 overseas broadcasting organizations were transmitting the event. BBC had the biggest broadcasting presence with around 550 people staff at a cost of ? 2 million. The US networks have begun their coverage at 3 a. m. n the west coast. 64% of Americans said that they believe that the event has received too much attention in the media, however 28% of US citizens have admitted that they have followed the wedding very closely. The wedding’s audience has reached 2 billion people worldwide. According to Google, there are over 162 million web pages mentioning the wedding. It was estimated to bring ? 630 million into the economy. All these fa cts are a proof that the event has received great, or even excessive media ; editorial coverage worldwide and has reached a huge number of people. This has probably turned it into the TV (PR) event of the century. An example of the number of articles that only CNN has concerning the Royal wedding: http://edition. cnn. com/SPECIALS/2011/royal. wedding/ . ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. prweek. com/uk/features/1124547/the-power-books-top-5-pr-campaigns-2011/ [ 2 ]. http://www. guardian. co. uk/uk/2011/apr/28/royal-wedding-media-tv-audience [ 3 ]. http://www. guardian. co. uk/news/datablog/2011/apr/29/royal-wedding-numbers-figures How to cite Royal Wedding Media Coverage, Essay examples

Potential Liability Certified Information Systems

Question: Discuss about the Potential Liability for Certified Information Systems. Answer: The auditor is a person who is qualified to evaluate and validate that the accounting information given by an audited organization precisely fits in to the actions that are acquired by an organization. The auditor's responsibility is to prepare a report at the end of the audit, which decides the standard of accurateness and clearness that the company has considered. For a moment, if every step related to accounting prepared by an organization is illustrated in the records, and all information that is noticeable in the books matches to the course of trade in an organization, then it states that audit will show no inaccuracy (Economic, 2016). Power and duties of auditors The power of the auditors helps them to properly analyze the financial position of the firm. Auditors should have right to access the accounts and vouchers of organization. The organizations management should provide all the relevant data to the auditors, for performing duties without any hindrance. Auditors have the authority of signing the audit report of organization and other financial documents as well (Bainbridge, 2012). Notices and communications related to any meeting should be properly sent to auditors on time. Remuneration of the auditors should be made clear within the general meetings or any other way of communication. The duties of the auditors make them responsible for indicating things in advance to organization (Cannon, 2011). Auditors should make audit report for the company, as it helps to know about the financial statements. Auditors work should based on the certain principles of the auditing. Auditor while performing his/her duties founds out that illegal act is i nvolved, fraud is being committed in opposition to the organization by officers or employees, auditors should right away inform the fact to the Central Government on time and by following approved procedure (Pickett, 2010). Duty of care Duty of care can be explained as, the accountability or the lawful duty of an individual or association to keep away from actions or measures, which can create damage for others. An accountant owes it in properly developing organizations accounts, an auditor owes it in validating an organizations financial statements appropriately, which represents financial position of an organization. Director to shareholders it is owed in preserving the firms assets and manufacturer to consumers it is owed for the security of goods and every party to a contract it is owed to the other parties who are contracting (Giove, 2015). Global financial crisis is a universal era of financial complexity accustomed by markets and customers. A global financial crisis is a complex business environment to do well because possible customers are likely to decrease their acquisition of products and services up till the economic conditions develops (Davies, 2010). The financial crisis and auditor liability The global financial crisis (GFC) is frequently presumed to have begun in July 2007, when there was loss of motivation by US financers in the worth of sub-prime debts induced a liquidity crisis. This, sequentially, evolved out in the US Federal Bank introducing a huge amount of investment into monetary markets. With September 2008, the crisis had aggravated as stock markets across the universe strike and resulted in extremely unstable manner. Customer motivation hit the rock bottom as everybody tightens belts in terror of what could happen further (Davies, 2014). Auditors are under attention due to faith that a green signal provided by the auditor means that a states that organizations accounting application have approved inspection (Pal, 2010). The table below illustrates that anxious ?nancial ventures, in Netherlands, Iceland, Germany, UK, France, USA, or Switzerland, acknowledged unquali?ed audit viewpoints on their ?nancial statements issued right away former to the public announcement of ?nancial problems. These viewpoints were given by one of the Big Four accounting enterprise Ernst Young, KPMG, Deloitte Touche, and Price water house Coopers. The principles of auditing in Australia are very much associated with international principles of auditing, which illustrates that the auditors process essentially engage a thought of the organizations capability to carry on in operational continuation for the future nearby. Sequentially, that compels deliberation of the present and the probable future conditions of the company and the surroundings in which it works. Principles of auditing also need auditors to present audit process planned to acquire adequate suitable audit proof that all proceedings until date of the report of auditor may need modification of, or revelation in, the ?nancial statements, which is recognized (Malb, 2013). Lehman brothers case On 28 January 2008, Lehman Brothers who acknowledged an unquali?ed audit viewpoint on its accounts annually, on 10 July 2008, which was chased by vigorous clean bill in terms of accounts quarterly (Rootzen, 2011). On the other hand, nearby August it was undergoing rigorous ?nancial troubles and on 14 September 2008 registered for insolvency. Bear Stearns, Americas fifth chief investment bank, on 28 January 2008 acquired an unquali?ed audit viewpoint. On the other hand, by 10 March, its ?nancial troubles strike the headings and on 14 March, with the help of state, JP Morgan Chase purchased it (Harress and Caulderwood, 2013). The German migrant Henry Lehman and his brothers came with the establishing Lehman Brothers in the 1850s. In its initial years organization traded cotton, however with the commencement of the 20th century the organization entered in trading of banking and securities, ultimately became a speculation bank (Historical Resources, 2010). Financing and performing business in rising section of the 20th century, moreover, preceding worldwide and obtaining other firms, Lehman Brothers extended along with becoming worlds chief speculation banks . Modern speculation banks like Lehman are complicated academies with superior and difficult formation, with every day undertakings of numerous billion of dollars. Prior to the fall down of Lehman Brothers the chief business sectors was characteristic speculation banking, also equities, capital markets, fixed income and speculation administration. Lehman Brothers speculation banking industry gave financial services like, underwritings and issuing securities, mergers and acquisitions (Rootzen, 2011). Further business areas related to the equity sector of Lehman financed in equity across the globe. However, the fixed income, speculation administration and capital markets sector focused on wealth administration and different services. The size of the undertakings or services given was charged and their major revenues were acquired from these (Hantoft and Jerkrot, 2012). Financial crisis in Lehman Brothers Lehman Brothers executive and auditors failure caused the bank collapse that unbinds the worst of financial crisis. Lehman Brothers continuously extended their own domestic risk limits and commands and huge range of worst calls due to its management caused the failure of bank, stated in the report commenced by inspector Anton Valukas. The U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York to examine the causes of Lehmans failure appointed Valukas, of New York law firm Jenner Block, in January 2009 (Wong and Smith, 2010). Credit crunch led investor motivation to fall down and in 2008, Lehman tried to anticipate collapse creating a false image of its financial situation. Lehman Brothers executives could have done better in comparison. Valukas, held responsible Lehman executives for aggravating the organizations troubles, creating the financial down fall for creditors and shareholders. The executives' behavior towards balance sheet manipulation is a severe but unoccupiable mistake related to business decision. Lehman Brothers make use of Repo 105 to make their accounting records look better. Instead of selling $ 50 million at a loss, they used Repo 105 to create a false picture in the balance sheet, which removes these assets from the balance sheet (Wong and Smith, 2010). Lehman Brothers global financial controller provided confirmation in context of Repo 105 use was only for showing reduction in transaction from balance sheet. Ernst Young the auditor was conscious about the use of Repo 105, except that also it did not confront or inquiry in context of this. However, there was not any evidence regarding the awareness of auditors about the use of Repo 105 (The Guardian, 2015). Charlie Perkins Ernst Young representative pivoted liability from his company, stating that Lehman Brothers insolvency was the outcome of a sequence of unfavorable proceedings in the financial markets. Ernst Young stated that they audited the financial statements according to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Hence, auditors are not liable for the insolvency of Lehman Brothers (CNBC, 2016). Recommendations Based on the report it can be recommended that accountants, managers, boards of members are responsible along with auditor for financial crisis. Hence, it becomes the combined responsibility of the all of these to work in a proper format to avoid financial crisis following prescribed standards. Regulators should be allowed to take responsibility directly for auditing. It is not anticipated from auditors to provide assurance for the continued existence of any organization. Rather than auditors should be allowed to work independently for the organizations they are auditing and should work out sensibly with concern and ability. Auditors should be good at predicting the performance of the organization since previous 12 months accurately, by providing justified and reasonable view over the performance. Auditors work is to focus on the historic information not over the future prediction. The auditors should focus on the reliability and impartiality strategy. The cooperation of the manageme nt is necessary for the auditors to create a fair audit report for the organization. The organization must inform the auditors about the meetings that have to be attended on time. Public expectations and actual facts should be met out, there should not be any gap between actual and expected. Conclusion From the report, it can be evaluated that financial crisis has the huge impact on auditors liability. Principle of auditing has been changed from time to time. Auditors play very crucial role in the organization. Investors and lenders before dealing with nay organization focus over the auditing reports of any company. Auditing report helps to judge the financial position of the organization. Power and duties help auditor has to perform their jobs properly. Auditors cannot be fully blamed for financial crisis, as accountants, manager, board members are also responsible for the organization. Direct responsibility of the regulators can restrict financial crisis probably. Auditors do not have the liability to provide guarantee for the survival of the organization. Auditors can only analyze the financial statements of the organizations and provide accurate report to the company. The job of auditor is not to forecast future rather to provide guarantee that organizations financial statement s provide a factual and reasonable analysis over the preceding 12 months presentation. References Bainbridge, S. M. (2012) Corporate Governance After Financial Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press Cannon, D. L. (2011) CISA Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide. Australia: John Wiley Sons CNBC (2016) On this day 8 years ago, Lehman Brothers collapsed: Have we learned anything? Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/15/on-this-day-8-years-ago-lehman-brothers-collapsed-have-we-learned-anything.html (Accessed: 13 January, 2017) Davies, H. (2010) The Financial Crisis: Who is to Blame? UK: Polity Davies, J. (2014) Global Financial Crisis What caused it and how the world responded. Available at: https://www.canstar.com.au/home-loans/global-financial-crisis/ (Accessed: 13 January, 2017) Economic (2016) What is an auditor? Available at: https://www.e-conomic.com/accountingsoftware/accounting-words/auditor (Accessed: 13 January, 2017) Giove, F. C. (2015) Auditing Essentials. New York: Research Education Assoc. Gramling, A. A., Johnstone, K. M., and Rittenberg, L. E. (2012) Auditing. USA: Cengage Learning Griffithis, P. (2016) Risk-Based Auditing. USA: CRC-Press Hantoft, L., and Jerkrot, H. N. (2012) Statistical Report Lehman Brothers. Available at: https://www.math.chalmers.se/~rootzen/finrisk/Statistical%20Report%20Lehman%20Brothers%20Group%208.pdf (Accessed: 13 January, 2017) Harress, C., and Caulderwood, K. (2013) The Death Of Lehman Brothers: What Went Wrong, Who Paid The Price And Who Remained Unscathed Through The Eyes Of Former Vice-President. Available at: https://www.ibtimes.com/death-lehman-brothers-what-went-wrong-who-paid-price-who-remained-unscathed-through-1405728 (Accessed: 12 January, 2017) Historical Resources (2010) History of Lehman Brothers. Available at: https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/history.html (Accessed: 13 January, 2017) Malb, M. (2013) The role of the Auditors Liability in the global financial crisis. Available at: https://prezi.com/vsujbqrl8kdw/the-role-of-the-auditors-liability-in-the-global-financial-crisis/ (Accessed: 12 January, 2017) Pal, T. (2010) The Impact Of The Economic Crisis On Auditing. European Integration Studies, Miskolc, 8(1) pp. 131-142. [Online]. Available at: https://www.matarka.hu/koz/ISSN_1588-6735/GTK_vol_8_no_1_2010_eng/ISSN_1588-6735_GTK_vol_8_no1_2010_eng_131-142.pdf (Accessed: 12 January, 2017) Pickett, K. H. S. (2010) The Internal Auditing Handbook. 3rd edn. Australia: John Wiley Sons Rootzen, H. (2011) A Case Study of the Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.186.5564rep=rep1type=pdf (Accessed: 12 January, 2017) The Guardian (2015) Lehman Brothers' former CEO blames bad regulations for bank's collapse. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/may/28/lehman-brothers-former-ceo-blames-bad-regulations-for-banks-collapse (Accessed: 13 January, 2017) Wong, G., and Smith, A. (2010) What killed Lehman. Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2010/03/12/news/companies/lehman_examiner/ (Accessed: 13 January, 2017)

Marketing and Customer Engagement Case Study on Fly Buys

Question: Discuss about theMarketing and Customer Engagementfor Case Study on Fly Buys. Answer: Introduction Loyalty New Zealand was established in the year 1996 by the Bank of New Zealand, IAG New Zealand Limited, Greenstone Energy Ltd and Foodstuffs Venture Limited in order to develop a coalition loyalty program. This program recognizes and rewards the consumers of New Zealand and provides the businesses with unparallel and vital information regarding the customers. The flagship loyalty program of Loyalty New Zealand is called Fly Buys, which has over 2.5 million card holders and 1.3 million active households who swipe their Fly Buys cards at over 50 partner businesses and redeem more than 2000 rewards daily. Chris Lamers was appointed as the Head of Customer Engagement in the year 2007 with the aim to re-launch the Fly Buys brand for continuous growth of the organization. As per the case study, Chris Lamers has selected one out of three options but in this assignment, an alternative option has been selected, compared and analyzed for the same. Brief Description of Third Option The third option that was selected by Chris Lamers was Fly Buys should focus on stretching the brand. Chris knew that he could data mine the extensive databases of Fly Buys with the aim to analyze the usage patterns of members and also to compare these with the external and corporate database. Therefore, it can be said that this particular option will help Chris Lamers and his team members to identify the gaps in the present market place (Pride Ferrell, 2012). On the basis of the outcome of this analysis, Fly Buys would add more partner companies and this provide the consumers of New Zealand with more options for earning points of Fly Buys. The particular option also aimed to add new products to the existing offerings of Fly Buys. Thus, it can be said that the particular third option has two objectives to add more partner companies and to add new products, both of which need a creative thinking skill. Alternate Option Recommended As per the case study, there are two more options, one of which can be selected for the continuous growth of the organization and also for re-launching the Fly Buys brand. These options include firstly, Fly Buys might launch a new brand and secondly, Fly Buys might put focus on the market penetration. Chris Lamers along with his team wondered if Fly Buys has reached the maximum penetration and whether the time was right for launching a new brand. Chris Lamers by keeping the first option in mind decided to launch a Youth Card branded loyalty program for the younger customers and a Senior Card branded loyalty program for senior customers. The reason behind this is that as per the statistics New Zealand trend data, the proportion of New Zealand consumers over the age of 65 years was expected to increase with the passage of time. However, with this particular option, Chris Lamers found that he might face trouble and high risk regarding the launching of any new brand in the present marke t as launching of new brand might take a lot of time and also the resources of Loyalty New Zealand. Thus, it can be recommended that Chris Lamers and his team should opt for the second option that is Fly Buys should focus on market penetration. It has been found that Fly Buys was extremely popular among the consumers of New Zealand. Therefore, Chris Lamers by keeping the second option in mind, he could focus on getting the existing customers or members to swipe their Fly Buys cards more often at the partner companies of Fly Buys. This particular method would help Fly Buys to increase its customers. As per the record of the extensive database of Fly Buys, it has been found that the consumers of New Zealand swipe their Fly Buys cards 300000 times per day or it can also be said that they redeem their Fly Buys Points for rewards (2000). These facts and figures imply that the present market of Fly Buys is already enriched but for continuous growth of the firm, Chris Lamers and his team should implement this second option. For this, Chris Lamers might introduce new strategies and can pro vide various offers and discounts in order to attract more customers and to increase the number of swiping times of the Fly Buys cards per day (Kotler Keller, 2012). Comparative Analysis It can be said that the recommended option i.e. to focus on the market penetration is better than the third option i.e. focus on stretching the brand. The reason behind this is that the stretching of brand is the process of utilizing the established brand names in launching products in a different and unrelated category of product. However, it has been found that the potential growth of the stretching of brand depends on the method by which the core product has been positioned in the minds of the customers (Hood, 2013). It can also be said that the new service or product has to fit the core brand or the resulting inappropriateness might demoralize the core brand. Generally, it has been found that the new product raises the equity of brand and also the profits of the firm (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). However, the primary disadvantage of implementing this particular strategy is that the stretching of a brand too far might develop the original brand distraction (Grewal Levy, 2012). In ad dition to this, brand stretching in any unrelated markets might lead to loss of reliability. Thus, Fly Buys should research about the product categories before implementing the particular strategy. Moreover, a risk is associated with this brand stretching strategy that is a new product might develop implications which might damage the image and reputation of core brand (Shani Chalasani, 2013). Therefore, it can be said that the implementation of brand stretching strategy might also affect the reputation of the company and this would lead the firm to run under loss as the customer base of the organization would also decrease. Additionally, it might happen that due to less awareness and trial, the management might not provide sufficient investment for the introduction of new services and products as they could assume the spin-off effects might compensate the original brand name (Elliott, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, 2012). It has been found that if the brand stretching does not has any ad vantage over the competitive brands in the newly introduced categories of products and services, then it might fail. Therefore, it can be said that the third option focus on stretching the brand is associated with several high risks. Thus, the second option to focus on the market penetration is comparatively better than third option focus on stretching the brand. Moreover, market penetration has various tactics that help to reduce the production cost of the company and also helps to increase the profitability of the firm (Burns Bush, 2014). Implication of Recommended Option The second option is considered as the recommended one for the particular circumstances of Fly Buys. The second option is that the Fly Buys should put focus on the market penetration. Therefore, it can be said that if this option of focusing on market penetration is implicated within the Fly Buys, then it will earn various advantages. These include firstly, the market penetration might cause quick adoption and diffusion of the product and services in the present market (Bosik, 2011). Secondly, this might also create goodwill among those consumers and this might also develop customer referrals (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). Thirdly, by focusing on the market penetration, the efficiency of Fly Buys might be encouraged due to thinner profit margins. This occurs due to aggressive pricing and the efficiency is required for maintaining profitability (Aaker, 2013). Fourthly, the competitors feel dispirited to enter the market, thus it can be said that the market penetration strategy can resi st the entry of the new entrants to the market. In addition to these, the market penetration strategy takes the advantage of lower pricing in order to raise the demand of product and also to raise the share of the market (Armstrong Kotler, 2013). On the other hand, it can also be said that with the increase in the demand, the organization Fly Buys can save money on the cost of production as the volume of production increases. Therefore, the second option is also suitable for the operation and regulation of Fly Buys in the present circumstances. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that for any organization, continuous growth of the business is an essential factor for running the business successfully. It has been found that there are various options for the particular organization Fly Buys to grow continuously. Hoever, some of the options are associated with higher risks and challenges. Thus, in order to lower the risk, the management should analyze each of the options in detail such that the associated risk can be studied well. Depending on the amount of risks, the management should select the accurate option and should implement it in order to run the business effectively. Here, Chris Lamers has selected the third option i.e. to focus on stretching the brand but he might also opt for the second option i.e. to focus on market penetration as the later one is associated with relatively lower risks. References Aaker, D. (2013).Marketing research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Armstrong, G. Kotler, P. (2013).Marketing. Boston: Prentice Hall. Bosik, D. (2011).Mobile marketing advertising 2012. [Place of publication not identified]: Mind Commerce Publishing, LLC. Burns, A. Bush, R. (2014).Marketing research. Boston: Pearson. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Elliott, G., Rundle-Thiele, S., Waller, D. (2012).Marketing. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Grewal, D. Levy, M. (2012).Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hood, D. (2013).The marketing manifesto. London: Kogan Page. Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Pride, W. Ferrell, O. (2012).Marketing 2012. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Shani, D., Chalasani, S. (2013). Exploiting niches using relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing.

An introduction to social psychology Essays - Psychology, Behavior

An introduction to social psychology Why do people do what they do? Why do they do things that don't seem to make sense? Why do people change what they do depending on social context? How do social arrangements influence judgment and decision-making? How does risk make sense? These are the questions that preoccupy the social psychology of risk. Social psychology is the study of human social behavior, with an emphasis on how people think towards each other and how they relate to each other under the influence of social arrangements. As the mind is the axis around which social behavior pivots, social psychologists tend to study the relationship between the human mind(s) and social behaviors. Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, values, decisions, judgments and behaviors can be influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presenceof others. The growth in interest in social psychology accelerated after the Second World War. Some of the most well-known research in Social Psychology include: Herbert Simon on Bounded Rationality (1947) Solomon Asch on Groupthink (1951) Muzafer Sherif In-Group/Out-Groupness (1954) Leon Festinger on Cognitive Dissonance (1956) Stanley Milgram Obedience to Authority (1961) Alber Bandura on Social Learning (1961) Darley and Latane on the Bystander Effect (1964-68) Philip Zimbardo on Evil and Power (1971). The social psychology of risk The social psychology of risk is the application of the principles of social psychology to risk. The foundation of this discipline was established in Australia by Dr Robert Long (2012, 2013, 2014, 2014a) and emerged out of his postgraduate studies in fundamentalism and occupational health and safety. Social psychology of risk is interested in how social arrangements affect decision-making and judgment's in risk. What this means is that all social relationships, social settings, discourse and organizing affect human judgment and decision-making in risk. Long suggests that without a social psychological understanding of risk, people will be less risk intelligent, more visually and spatially illiterate, and less able to make sense of risk. The nature of risk All risk involves a degree of uncertainty and subjective attribution. Risk, according to Standards Australia (AS/NZS ISO 31000, 2009), is the effect of uncertainty on objectives'. In early times risk was most associated with understanding and predicting the weather, navigation and primitive notions of insurance. Whilst we have moved on' from these associations, unfortunately we have been strongly influenced by reductionism, what is commonly known as the Newtownian/Cartesian worldview. Risk is not objective - rather, the perception, amplification, attenuation and attribution of risk are conditioned by social psychological factors. Slovic (2000, 2010) has shown that perception of risk varies according to life experience, cognitive bias, heuristics, memory, visual and special literacy, expertise, attribution, framing, priming and anchoring. In other words, risk is a human constructed sense of meaning associated with uncertainty, probability and context. For example,one person's risk is another person's opportunity. When reading through the many resources and programs about risk, one could be forgiven for thinking that compliance would be much easier if it didn't involve people. I often get amused by approaches to risk that spend most of the time focusing on objects, as if judgments made around those objects are irrelevant. It is as if the object itself is value laden and dangerous. The fixation on objects I recently did some work for a mining organization who asked for help in developing a more mature approach to leadership in risk at work. I looked through the tools they were using to think about risk and everything in their checklists involved the observation of objects. Looking out for things' is of limited value if one can't imagine or focus on how humans respond to each other and those objects in that environment. Social arrangements give us meaning, purpose and fulfillment. Social arrangements also determine the way we make decisions and judgment's. Risk is not an engineering problem but a social psychological problem. An engineering approach to risk tends to have its training and focus on objects. Whilst it is great to observe what engineers think and construct, it is not the core focus of that discipline to understand human organizing, collective mindfulness and he collective unconscious in response to objects. The social psychology of risk helps us understand the following questions: Why do humans not obey procedures? Why are people non-compliant? How is human perception limited? Why

Topical Essay Organization

Topical Essay Organization When it comes to writing an essay, topical organization means describing the subject of your paper one topic at a time. Anytime you have to describe something, like an animal, a gadget, an event, or a process, you can use the topical organization. Your first step is to divide your subjects into small parts (sub-topics) and then define each one. Types of Essays That Use Topical Organization Exploring Essays - Topical essay structure is perfect for science essays that explore the characteristics of an organism.Compare and Contrast Essays - English class essays that compare two short stories can be written topic-by-topic.Explaining Essays - You could use a topical essay to explain why the American South developed an agrarian-based economy, explaining one characteristic at a time that led to this development.Descriptive essay - You could describe any object one part at a time; for example, when describing yourself, you could start with your facial features and move on to hands and feet. Note: If you are writing a compare and contrast essay, you may need to define two subjects with the topical organization. You can use two strategies for this: You can describe one subject completely and move on to the next.You can describe and compare small parts of each subject piece by piece.